The rook moves along ranks and files. The bishop moves diagonally and always stays on the same square color. The queen combines both patterns. Sliding pieces cannot jump over occupied squares.
The knight moves two squares in one direction and one at a right angle, forming an L. It can jump over pieces. From e4, a knight can potentially reach c3, c5, d2, d6, f2, f6, g3 or g5.
The king moves one square in any direction, only to safe squares. Pawns move one square forward, optionally two from their starting rank if both squares are empty, and capture one square diagonally forward.